Retinopatia diabética: causas e tratamento farmacológico

Abstract

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic pathology that, in its evolution, affects different organs, including the eyes. High blood glucose levels affect the retina early. The appearance of retinopathy is directly related to the time of evolution of diabetes and metabolic control. The disease causes specific changes such as edema, ocular bleeding and partial or total loss of vision. Objective: To analyze and provide information on the proposed topic, through studies and literature review, pointing out possible causes and pharmacotherapeutic treatments related to diabetic retinopathy. Materials and Methods: The study method used was a narrative bibliographical review, with a broad approach of works related to the proposed theme, being these scientific articles, technical notebooks and research on specific sites of ophthalmology, endocrinology and diabetes, among others. Results and Discussion: Diabetic retinopathy can often be avoided by early detection, appropriate care in the treatment of diabetes, and routine eye exams. In the case of late detection, treatment in the early stages includes, in addition to the indication of laser photocoagulation, the prescription of injections of intravitreal medications such as corticosteroids to treat edema and antiangiogenic drugs to inhibit the growth of abnormal blood vessels. In more advanced cases, the vitrectomy ends up being the best indication. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of attention to diabetics, especially those who developed diabetic retinopathy. As a whole, it can be concluded that the best treatment for diabetic retinopathy is prevention. Proper control of blood glucose levels, with or without medication, hypertension, a healthy diet, exercise and good health education are the essential elements that can prevent or delay the onset of diabetic retinopathy. However, it should be noted that, once the disease is detected, the indicated treatment may help, but the disease has no cure.